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Weierstrass $h$ Functions

by

Gregg Kelly

In this section we define Weierstrass $h$ functions. These functions are essentially just the three odd Jacobian (Glaisher) elliptic functions which have a simple pole at the origin.

Handy Preliminary Formulae

Using the DLMF definitions of $\sigma, \omega_i, \eta_i$ we have \begin{equation} \label{eq:periodIdentities} \omega_1+\omega_2+\omega_3 = 0\qquad\qquad \eta_1+\eta_2+\eta_3 = 0\qquad\qquad \eta_2\omega_1 - \eta_1\omega_2 = \eta_3\omega_2 - \eta_2\omega_3 = \eta_1\omega_3 - \eta_3\omega_1 = \tfrac 1 2 \pi \imath \end{equation} which implies \begin{equation} \label{eq:eta} \eta_1 \omega_1 + \eta_2\omega_2 + \eta_3\omega_3 \space = \space -2(\eta_1\omega_2 + \eta_2\omega_3 + \eta_3\omega_1) - \tfrac 3 2 \pi \imath \space = \space -2(\eta_2\omega_1 + \eta_3\omega_2 + \eta_1\omega_3) + \tfrac 3 2 \pi \imath \end{equation} We also have with $i,j,k$ distinct \begin{equation} \label{eq:sigma} \sigma(z+2\omega_i) = - e^{2\eta_i (z+\omega_i)} \sigma(z) \qquad\qquad \sigma(z-\omega_i) = - e^{-2\eta_i z} \sigma(z+\omega_i) \qquad\qquad \sigma(\omega_j - \omega_i) = e^{-2\eta_i\omega_j}\sigma(\omega_k) \end{equation} and therefore \begin{equation} \label{eq:wpwp} \wp(z) - \wp(u) \space = \space - \frac {\sigma(z-u)\sigma(z+u)} {\sigma^2(z)\sigma^2(u)} \qquad\qquad \wp'(z) \space = \space - \frac {\sigma(2z)} {\sigma^4(z)} \qquad\qquad \wp(z) - e_i \space = \space - \frac {\sigma(z-\omega_i)\sigma(z+\omega_i)} {\sigma^2(z)\sigma^2(\omega_i)} \qquad\qquad e_j - e_i \space = \space e^{-2\eta_i\omega_j} \frac {\sigma^2(\omega_k)} {\sigma^2(\omega_i) \sigma^2(\omega_j)} \end{equation} and combining \eqref{eq:eta}, \eqref{eq:sigma} and \eqref{eq:wpwp} gives \begin{equation} \label{eq:eee} \kappa \space = \space \begin{vmatrix} 1 & e_1 & e_1^2 \\ 1 & e_2 & e_2^2 \\ 1 & e_3 & e_3^2 \\ \end{vmatrix} \space = \space (e_1-e_2)(e_2-e_3)(e_3-e_1) \space = \space \frac {e^{\eta_1\omega_1+\eta_2\omega_2+\eta_3\omega_3+\sfrac 3 2 \pi \imath}} {\sigma^2(\omega_1)\sigma^2(\omega_2)\sigma^2(\omega_3)} \space = \space \frac {\sigma(\omega_1 - \omega_2)\sigma(\omega_2 - \omega_3)\sigma(\omega_3 - \omega_1)} {\sigma^3(\omega_1)\sigma^3(\omega_2)\sigma^3(\omega_3)} \end{equation} We also need these sigma duplication formulae \begin{equation} \label{eq:sigmaDup} \sigma(2z) \enspace = \enspace \frac {2\sigma(z)\sigma(z+\omega_1)\sigma(z+\omega_2)\sigma(z+\omega_3)} {\sigma(\omega_1)\sigma(\omega_2)\sigma(\omega_3)} \enspace = \enspace -\frac {2\sigma(z)\sigma(z-\omega_1)\sigma(z-\omega_2)\sigma(z-\omega_3)} {\sigma(\omega_1)\sigma(\omega_2)\sigma(\omega_3)} \end{equation}

Definition Of The $h$ Functions

Define $h_i(z)$ so that it's residue is $+1$ at $z=0$ \begin{equation} \label{eq:hdef} h_i(z) \enspace = \enspace \sqrt{\wp(z) - e_i} \enspace = \enspace -e^{\eta_i z} \frac {\sigma(z - \omega_i)} {\sigma(z)\sigma(\omega_i)} \enspace = \enspace e^{-\eta_i z} \frac {\sigma(z + \omega_i)} {\sigma(z)\sigma(\omega_i)} \end{equation} From \eqref{eq:hdef} we get the basic relations with $i,j,k$ distinct \begin{equation} \label{eq:hIdentities} h_i(z) = \frac 1 z \space + \space \bigO(z) \qquad\qquad h_i(-z) = -h_i(z) \qquad\qquad h_i(z + 2\omega_i) = h_i(z) \qquad\qquad h_i(z + 2\omega_j) = -h_i(z) \end{equation} Taking the product of \eqref{eq:hdef} gives \begin{equation} h_1(z)h_2(z)h_3(z) \enspace = \enspace -\tfrac 1 2 \wp'(z) \end{equation} Differentiating \eqref{eq:hdef} gives \begin{equation} h_i'(z) \enspace = \enspace -h_j(z)h_k(z) \end{equation} Since \begin{equation} h_i^2(z) \space - \space h_j^2(z) \enspace = \enspace e_j \space - \space e_i \end{equation} the differential equation for $h_i(z)$ is \begin{equation} {h_i'}^2(z) \enspace = \enspace h_i^4(z) \enspace + \enspace 3 e_i h_i^2(z) \enspace + \enspace(e_i - e_j)(e_i - e_k) \end{equation}

An Addition Formula for $h_i$

The functions $h_1,h_2,h_3$ are equivalent, after scaling, to the Jacobian elliptic functions $\ns,\cs,\ds$ with $\displaystyle k^2 = \frac {e_3-e_1} {e_2-e_1}$. From this observation, it is easy to determine this addition formulae for them

\begin{equation} \label{eq:add_h} h_i(u+v) \enspace = \enspace \frac {h_i(u) \thinspace h_i'(v) \space - \space h_i(v) \thinspace h_i'(u)} {h_i^2(u) \space - \space h_i^2(v)} \enspace = \enspace \frac {h_i^2(\omega_j)h_i^2(\omega_k) \space - \space h_i^2(u)h_i^2(v)} {h_i(u) \thinspace h_i'(v) \space + \space h_i(v) \thinspace h_i'(u)} \end{equation}

References

[1] F.G. Frobenius and L. Stickelberger Zur Theorie der elliptischen Functionen J. reine angew. Math 83 (1877), 175–179